1.1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture

1.     Define civil engineering.

A branch of engineering concerned with the design of public works such as bridges and dams.

2.     Define architecture.

The art or practice of designing and constucting buildings.

3.     Describe the origination of the concept of architecture?

The concept of architecture has been around ever since humans have been building homes. Besides the cavemen using caves, humans have been building homes and using architecture even if they have not know it.

4.     In ancient times how were building materials chosen?

Availability and climate.

5.     Give two examples of vernacular architecture.

Igloo's use ice and snow; Egyptian pyramids use mud and stone

6.     Name and describe the type of system used to create many early buildings.

The Post and Lintel system has been used throughout time. Its a verticle post, and a horizontal lintel.

7.     What was the purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? Mexican pyramids?

Egyptians buried the kings in them;  Mexicans used the pyramids for rituals and others were sacred.

8.     What kind of construction method was used to build the Parthenon? Made a simple sketch to illustrate.

Post and Lintel.

9.     What problem in architecture led to this form of construction?

Post and Lintel allows an entrance and it is a stable way to support the roof.

10. Explain how an arch is created.

Blocks are placed in a curved formation and at the top where they connect is a key stone.

11.  How is the vault used in civil engineering?

For the construction of bridges, walkways, and other passages.

12.  Give an example of an arch and dome system.

The Roman Collusium and gothic cathedrals.

13.  Give an example of a modern material we have that was not available to the ancients. How did this restrict construction in ancient times?

We have steel today which is light weight and strong. They were restricted because the strong materials they used were heavy and would cause a building to collapse under its own weight.

14.  What was the purpose of the Roman aqueducts?

It delivered water to a town or place of need.

15.  Compare ancient Greek roads to ancient Roman roads.

Greek roads were built to transport goods whild the Romans used roads to transport troops.

16. Describe an ancient Roman bridge.

They were the first large and lasting bridges built. They were built with stone and used arches as their main structure.

17. How did building materials and methods change after the Romans?

They created better roads and people began to use arches and domes.

Conclusion

1.     Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference?

Great Pyramid of Cholula. Thsese pyramids are dedicated to the gods, not to pharows. This difference is due to religion. 

2.     Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system.

The golden dome

3.     What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed?
To transport goods and people across the country or to your destination. It is defrayed by taxes.